CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Concept of Recreation and Leisure
Recreation is defined by Elmer (1973), as an act of
experience selected by the individual during his leisure to meet a personal want
or desire, primarily for his own satisfaction. Recreation is referred to as
leisure-time activities. Recreation is the major reason why people engage in
touristic movement. Burkart and Medlik (1988) say “all Tourism and
recreationalinvolves recreation, but not all recreation is tourism”. Recreation
habit if developed and nurtured leads to the development of Tourism and
recreationalculture. Leisure refers to a time frame, that is a time when an
individual is not working, studying; the time that can be spent as one pleases,
one’s free time, the time that is left after formal duties and the necessities
of life have been cared for, the time beyond existence and subsistence (Bucher
and Bucher, 1974; Kraus, 1966). Recreation is concerned with the re-creative –
that is activity that will bring about a renewal of spirit and the body;
activities that have the potentialities for enrichment of life through the
development of the intellect. It is opposed to activities that are harmful to a
person or to the society, physically, socially and otherwise (Bucher and
Bucher, 1974; Kraus, 1966). The aim of recreation is to rest and rejuvenate,
and rebuild the body up from a breakdown situation. The rebuilding up process
through leisure-time activities does not end with the physical body but extends
to the mental component of the individual, thereby enabling him to achieve a
balanced life. It is a common knowledge that a greater percentage of the
Nigerian population lacks recreation habit/Tourism and recreationalculture. Okorafor
(1993) says “by definition and its contemporary concept and practice, Tourism
and recreationalis alien to Nigerian primal culture…” Omorogbe-Osagie (1995)
says “Nigerians have not come to realize as yet the significance of taking a
break from their normal jobs or business via recreation and leisure pathways.”
The habit of saving towards going to other places of tourist importance has not
yet been formed by most Nigerians whether the most affluent ones, through the
average affluent ones to the low income brackets. Nimenibo, (1993) says “this
(tourism) culture being alien has its own problems but it is the foundation for
a steady growth in tourism.”
While family and community recreation activities have
existed in one form or another since prehistoric times, the same cannot be said
for commercial recreation and tourism. The invention of money by the Sumerians
in Babylonia and their development of trade are probably the beginnings of the
modern era of travel. Early travel, however, was primarily for war or business
purposes. Few recreation seekers would put up with the discomforts and dangers
of travel in those days. In the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Babylonian
civilizations, recreation included hunting, horse racing, wrestling, boxing,
archery, music, dancing, and drama. To provide these opportunities, the ruling
classes employed free men or forced slaves to work. Similarly, the affluent
people of the early Greek civilization sponsored paid athletes to compete in a
variety of sports events. The Romans also used slaves and professionals to
provide music, drama, and dance. Their Colosseum in Rome was the site of 100
daylong sport spectacles each year. Eventually, the Greeks and Romans improved
roads and naval travel in order to control their empires. With these improvements,
Tourism and recreationalbecame safer and more comfortable. This theme of
military technology literally paving the way for Tourism and recreationalhas
been repeated throughout history. As early as 334 B.C., Alexander the Great
attracted 700,000 tourists in a single season to Turkey, where they were
entertained by acrobats, animal acts, jugglers, magicians, and circus
performances. The ancient Greeks traveled to the Olympic Games, to spas, to
festivals, and to the pyramids in Egypt. These and other events provided an
early stimulation for travel other than for commerce or defense (About.com,
2005). Romans
also traveled extensively, having 175 holidays for
leisure and recreation. It was possible to cover up to 100 miles per day on the
paved roads and even more by ship. Roman tourists were much like today’s
tourists, using guidebooks, employing guides, visiting the pyramids, shopping
for souvenirs, and leaving graffiti behind (Goeldner, Ritchie, & McIntosh,
2000). Early tourists stayed in visitors rooms that were part of private
dwellings or in commercial inns. Housing, feeding, and entertaining the
travelers became an important industry. About this time, seaside resorts and
spas with medicinal waters became popular destinations.
1.2.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
Imo state is one of the developing state in Nigeria.
Its recreational status is of a great interest of study due to is dull
development since the inception of the state.
To this end, this therefore forms the statement of the
problem of the study.
I.The under-development of the recreational sector in
Imo state
II.The lack of interest in this sector by the
government.
III.The miss-guided concept about the recreational
industry
IV.The collapse of other industry that depends on
recreation.
1.3.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the factors
affecting the development of commercial recreation in Imo state. Commercial
recreation is relatively young and the objective for corporations to invest and
participate in commercial recreation platform is to offer an alternative mode
of relaxation and also it helps to cultivate long term relationships with their
visitorss; Such as promotional campaigns and new information can be pushed
through commercial recreation channels.
1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Currently the hype surrounding commercial recreation
strategies for marketing is on the increase, but Imo state is still trying to
cope and see the advantage from the latest trends. Social media such as
Facebook and Twitter as means of advertising it is also growing daily.
Challenges faced by Imo state recreational is the ‘how to’ engage the consumers
and to lead them towards becoming a visitors or share their experience for the
recreation within their virtual network. This research work therefore tends to
throw more light to the opportunities that can be found in commercial
recreation. It is believed that the success of the project work will bring
about a rejuvenation of the Imo state commercial recreational sector.
1.5.RESEARCH QUESTION:
For the course of this research work the researcher
framed out some research question which shall guide the researcher to carry out
this research work successfully, the research question will be administered to
the respondents and samples of the research question are.
1.Have you ever been to take recreation either alone
or with your family, relation or friends?
2.Can the social media be a source of advertisement to
you about the commercial recreational industry?
3.The number of visitors turned in how many gets
satisfaction from the commercial recreation?
4.Does Imo state have an official web address/website
where commercial recreation can be carried out?
5.Apart from the social media, which other means is
available for commercial recreational centres to use in reaching out to people
as an advertising scheme?
1.6.RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
According to Aguburu (2001), the word “Hypotheses” is
a set of assumptions which are accepted provisionally as a basis for
investigation. It is formulated in the form of statements whose truth is to be
tested. The following are hypotheses for this research work:
1.H0: There is a significant impact of the commercial
recreational centre in Imo state.
H1: There is no a significant impact of the commercial
recreational centre in Imo state.
2.H0: The social media network will be a major source
of advertising the commercial recreational centre in Imo state.
H1: The social media network will not be a major
source of advertising the commercial recreational centre in Imo state.
1.7.LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
This study is based on secondary data and personal
approach to evaluate the effects of marketing and social media in the
hospitality industry. The advantage of using secondary data source is the fact
that such information exists. It is less time consuming and data gathering cost
is reduced on studies as compared to using primary data collection.
According to Stewart and Kamins, the disadvantage of
secondary data is when collecting, reporting and interpreting the information;
it consists of its own set of problems. The data collected tend to produce
deliberate and intentional bias, hence the findings has the potential to arrive
at varying conflicting conclusions (Stewart, & Kamins, 1993). It can be
hard to validate. Thus conclusion drawn from secondary sources must be done
carefully.
The study will attempt to focus on issues in
commercial recreation in Imo state by utilizing secondary data to illustrate
the matter stated with examples.
1.8.DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Recreation: This is a means of having physical, mental
etc relaxation.
Social media: This can be defined as an electronic
means of communicating with the public eg; facebook, twitter, watsapp etc.
Communication: Communication is the meaningful
exchange of information between two or more participants.
Information: Information is conveyed either as the
content of a message or through direct and indirect observation of something.
Impact: This means the contribution or influence of
something on another such as influence of social media network to the
hospitality industry.
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