TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page: -
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- i
Approval
page: -
- -
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- -
- ii
Dedication:
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- -
- -
- - iii
Acknowledgments:
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- -
- -
- iv
Table of contents:
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- -
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- vi
List of tables:
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- -
- -
- - x
Abstract:
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- -
- -
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- xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION:
1.1
Background of the study:
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- - - 1
1.2
Statement of the research problem:-
- - 5
1.3
Objectives of the study: -
- -
- - 7
1.4
Significance of the study:
- -
- - - 8
1.5
Research Questions:
- -
- - – 10
1.6
Research Hypotheses: -
- -
- – 10
1.7 Definition of terms:
- -
-. -
- – 12
1.8 Assumptions of the
study: -
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-16
1.9 Limitation of
the study: -
- -
- -17
References:
- -
- -
- - -18
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:
- -
- - - 19
2.1
Sources of Literature: -
- -
- — 20
2.2
Review of Relevant Literature:
- -
- – 20
2.2.1 Female
attitude towards journalism: -
– 21
2.2.2
Discrimination against women journalists: – 26
2.2.3
Reasons why female journalists shy away from their
professional duties:
- -
- -
- -29
2.2.4
Impressions about female Journalists: - -32
2.3
Theoretical Framework -
- -
- -34
2.4
Summary of Literature:
- - -
- -37
References:
- -
- -
- - -39
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY:
3.1
Research Design: -
- -
- - -42
3.2
Area of study: - -
- -
- - -43
3.3
Populations of the study:
- -
- - -43
3.4
Research sample and sampling Technique: -44
3.5
Instruments used for data collection:
- -45
3.6
Validity of the instrument:
- -
- -46
3.7
Method of data collection
- -
- -46
3.8
Method of data analysis:
- -
- - -47
References:
- -
- -
- - -48
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA:
4.1 Data presentation and
analysis: -
- -49
4.2 Hypotheses
Testing: -
- -
– -65
4.3 Discussion on
findings: - -
- - -74
References:
- -
- -
- - -78
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY:
5.1
Summary : -
- -
- -
- -79
5.2
Conclusion: -
- -
- –
- 81
5.3
Recommendations for further study:
- 84
References:
- -
- -
- - 86
Bibliography:
- -
- -
- - 87
Appendix:
- -
- — -
- — 91
Abstract
The researcher in this work focused
on the Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As a
Career. It is believed that a large number of female trained journalists are
produced from different higher Institutions in our country, but only a few go
into the filed to practice their Journalism profession. This is why the
researcher dimmed it fit to research into the image of female Journalists.
Research questions are constructed to guide the researcher in her study.
Relevant related literatures are reviewed to show that similar research work
has been carried out, and a theoretical framework has been discussed to support
the study. Survey method was adopted, and this made it possible for the
researcher to select an appropriate sample size of 150. Using appropriate tools
like questionnaire and personal interview, the researcher was able to study a
population too large to be observed personally. The researcher adopted a simple
percentage and frequency table with simple descriptive analysis to explain the
tables. Hypotheses which are formed from the research questions are tested to
enable the researcher know if certain claims she made on this work received
statistical support or not. At the and of the study, the researcher was able to
find out that Female Mass Communication Students have Negative Attitude Towards
Jocularism As a Career. Also that female roles as mothers and wives are some of
the problems facing female Journalists. The researcher also recommended that
salaries of the working journalists should be increased so as to motivate and
change the Negative Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards
Journalism As a Career. Also, our culture and society at large should stop
discriminating against female Journalists so that they can practice their
profession perfectly.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Journalism is the collection,
preparation and distribution of news and related commentary and feature
materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletter, magazines, Radio, Motion
Pictures, Television, the internet and books.
The earliest known Journalists
product was a newssheet in ancient Rome called the ACTA DIURNA published daily
from 59 BC, it was hung in prominent places and recorded important social and
political events.
Journalism in the 20th
century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. In our society today
it has been observed that female student Journalists have negative attitude
towards taking Journalism as a career. This negative attitude is highly
reflected in the number of mass media houses.
Almost all institution of higher
learning in Nigeria offer mass communication courses leading to the award of
various degrees
and certificates, including National
Diploma, higher National Diploma, Bachelor, and masters degrees.
The increase in the number of female
graduates from all these Institutions are not reflected in the media of
communication in the country. Each Year, hundreds of female students graduate
as mass communicators. A close look shows that the number of female Journalists
students surpassed the number of males. But in the filed today, a good number
of these female graduates are not seen working in the various media houses
scatted all over the country.
Reference to the convocation
booklets from these schools revealed that a good number of female mass
communication students graduated from these schools. In the year 1997, about
150 female Journalists graduated from federal polytechnic Oko. The Ogun state
polytechnic in the same year turned out about 86 female Journalist students.
Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu had about 140 female
graduates. Bida polytechnic had about 26 female graduates from the department
of mass communication.
In July 1996, the Ogun state
polytechnic turned out 146 female student Journalists in both OND and HND
levels, The Institute of management and Technology (IMT) Enugu turned out about
120 female student graduates in both ND and HND levels (1996 convocation
lists/booklets).
Similarly with other mass
communication schools in the country for instance, in 1995, the convocation booklets
of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, revealed that 45 female students graduated
from the department of mass communication. In the year 2008, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University (NAU) Awka turned out about 58 female graduates from the department
of mass communication. Between the year 2008 and 2009, Caritas University Enugu
graduated over 50 female Journalists.
Presently, in my class in the
department of mass communication, we are 54 students in number. 51 out of the
54 students are females while only three are males. In other levels, the number
of female students surpassed the number of male students in the department of
mass communication with a great difference.
In recent years, media houses in the
western countries lack trained female Journalists in the various communication
activities. Invariably, it has been the same in Nigeria and this could be seen
in most cases of the media houses in Nigeria. There has been an imbalance in
the number of female, and male trained Journalists working
with them.
Those who are worried about this
situation said that if there were more women than men seeking jobs in the media
houses and they all have the same ability and background, more men get the
jobs. (women in communication pg 8) she noted that women could only be awarded
a job if they are had working and qualified, they must be awarded or offered
a job in the Journalism profession.
The Enugu Television Authority has
about twenty five trained Journalists on its staff. Five out of the twenty-five
are female. The Daily star newspaper has only six female Journalists on its
staff.
The situation is similar in other
media institutions throughout Nigeria and in most western countries.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
This study was undertaken because of
the low participation of the female Journalist graduates towards practicing
Journalism as their career. Despite the fact that there is considerably good
number of trained female journalists, very few of them are working with media
houses in Nigeria.
A large number of female Journalists
are produced from different Institutions offering mass communication, but
female participation in the
profession is very negligible.
According to Omenugha (2004:4) “One
thing that is glaring in the Nigeria media is the near absence of Nigerian
women as news makers”. Though Nigeria is developing, it has gotten to a stage
where the female Journalists and their male counterparts should be competing in
the media houses.
The number of female Journalists in
the field is very few compared to the number that graduates from Journalism
schools and universities. The female tend to run away from
practicing Journalism. Women Journalists are not often seen as
lecturers neither do women help in the development and promotion of the profession
unlike in other professions where the female and male compete and seek
superiority over each other.
This dormant attitude of females
towards the profession has resulted to the males claiming superiority over them
in the field and as such not portraying a good image of women in the society.
This is because most men in the society believe that Journalism exposes the
practitioners and makes the female counterparts loose their dignity.
Many female Journalists who work in
the media sometimes do not show keen interest in their job. This affects the
female practitioners as the male practitioners always tend to over shadow them
both in position and in interest to work.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Because of the way the image of our
women in our society are been portrayed when it comes to them practicing
Journalism as their profession, the study is therefore aimed at finding out the
Attitudes Of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As a Career.
This study therefore tends to look
into the image of women in the media and more also to find out why there has
been this imbalance in the Ratio of working male and female Journalists.
This research work will also help to
reveal why there is sharp contrast from the number of female Journalists that
graduate from Journalism schools and the number in the field.
Finally, this research work helps to
give suggestion based on findings.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
This study is very important because
a lot of people are baffled over the issues of why women do not take up
Journalism as a career after studies. It has really agitated the minds of some
professionals and has equally created a lot of controversies.
The researcher, therefore, has
deemed it fit to find out the reasons for such negative attitude of
females towards Journalism.
Journalism as the researcher could
understand is very controversial and there is no need to live on mere
assumption. This study has therefore provided an avenue for an in-dept study on
the controversial issue of knowing the militants against the idea of women
going into Journalism as career, how do these women see
The practice of Journalism, do they
go into the study with the
intention of practicing Journalism
or taking it up just as a career?
The researcher also observed that
female Journalists do not only disengage in the practice of Journalism but also
do not contribute in the development and achievement of Journalism schools.
According to Okunna (1990) “In most
schools in Nigeria, women are not often seen as lecturers both at universities
and polytechnics”
They do not involve in the teaching
of mass communication courses. Women prefer working in other fields to the
career of Journalism.
The study will serve as a resource
material for programme design and implementation in the effort concerning women
in development and to students of women studies, mass communication, and
Journalism. It will be a useful reading and reference materials.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Do female mass communication students have negative attitude towards Journalism as a career?
- Is there any discrimination against the women Journalists?
- Are the female Journalists shy of caring out their duty?
- Are there wrong impressions about the female Journalists?
- Are the female roles as mothers and wives some of the problems facing female Journalists?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Based on the research questions, the
following hypotheses are derived:
HYPOTHESIS
1
H1: Female Mass Communication
Students Have Negative Attitude Toward Journalism as a Career.
Ho: Female Mass Communication
Students do not have Negative Attitude Towards Journalism as a
Career.
HYPOTHESIS II
H1: There is discrimination
against the female Journalists.
H0: There is no discrimination
against the female Journalists.
HYPOTHESIS III
H1: Female Journalists are shy of
caring out their duty.
H0: Female Journalists are not
shy of carrying out their duty.
HYPOTHESIS IV
H1: There are wrong impressions
about the female Journalists.
H0: There are no wrong
impressions about the female Journalists.
HYPOTHESIS V
H1: Female roles
as mothers and wives are some of the
problems facing female Journalists.
problems facing female Journalists.
H0: Female roles
as mothers and wives are not some of the
problems facing female Journalists.
problems facing female Journalists.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
1 STUDY
CONCEPTUAL:- This is an
act of setting ones mind to
Acquiring knowledge and
understanding,
through reading, research etc.
through reading, research etc.
OPERATIONAL:- It is an act of considering or examining
something in detail. It can
also be said to be
a piece of research that examines a subject or
a piece of research that examines a subject or
question in detail.
2 ATTITUDE
CONCEPTUAL:- This is a way of thinking or the Character which
someone exhibits towards something or
somebody.
someone exhibits towards something or
somebody.
OPERATIONAL:- This is a way of feeling or your opinion
About something or somebody.
3 FEMALE
CONCEPTUAL This is a particular sex or gender of the primate
(Human being) that can give birth
to children.
OPERATIONAL:- It is a situation of being a women or girl.
4 MASS
CONCEPTUAL:- A large number of people or things grouped
together.
together.
OPERATIONAL:- A large number of people in a community,
Society, and nation.
5 COMMUNICATION
CONCEPTUAL:- The
process of expressing, or passing ideas,
feelings, or information from one
person to
another, or to a group of people.
OPERATIONAL:- Methods of sending information to a large
number of people, especially
through
Television, Radio Computers,
Newspapers,
Magazines etc.
Magazines etc.
6
STUDENTS
CONCEPTUAL:- These are people who are studying
in one school of higher learning or
the other in
other to acquire knowledge.
OPERATIONAL:- These are group of people who are
Studying at a university or college
.
7
TOWARDS
CONCEPTUAL:- This can be said
to be the direction of, or close to
something or somebody.
something or somebody.
OPERATIONAL:- This is in relation to something or
somebody, or in the direction of
something.
8
JOURNALISM
CONCEPTUAL:- This is the work of collecting
writing and publishing of news
stories and
articles in Newspapers and magazines
or
broadcasting them on Radio and
Television
to inform the general public on things
happening in the world .
to inform the general public on things
happening in the world .
OPERATIONAL:- It is a new effort in reporting in which
professional communicators use Social
research method to gather, interpret and vividly
present information to the target audience.
Journalism is therefore, the science of reporting.
professional communicators use Social
research method to gather, interpret and vividly
present information to the target audience.
Journalism is therefore, the science of reporting.
9 CAREER
CONCEPTUAL:- This is a
particular job or the type of Job
one do in other to earn a living.
OPERATIONAL:- It is the job or series of jobs that you do
during your working life, especially
if you
continue to get more money.
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
A
good number of professionals have already made similar studies of women image
in the media and their attitude towards Journalism.
In this study, the researcher raised
a number of assumptions. She assumes that the attitude of the female mass
communicators towards Journalism as their career is very poor. She equally
assumed that the way image of the women are being portrayed in the society as
Journalists have created an Imbalance in the ratio of working male Journalists
to their female counterparts.
In essence, the researcher has
deemed it fit to concentrate more on Nigeria female Journalists and the issues
that affect them as working Journalists.
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The researcher has decided to limit
this study to Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, female students in mass
communication department.
It was therefore limited to find out
only the Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism as a
Career, including the attitude of others towards female Journalists.
The ideal situation would have been
to study a much wider area and a larger number of female student Journalists,
and practicing women Journalists to enhance the reliability of the data and to
make generalization more appropriate. But due to financial constraint, it was
limited to the institution mentioned above.
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