ABSTRACT
The emergence of new forms of banking channels such as
Internet banking, Automated Teller Machines (ATM), phone banking and also
maturing financial market and global competition have forced bankers to explore
the importance of customer loyalty. Therefore, studies need to focus on the
changing role of the banking system and its dynamic financial market. The
underlying model of SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988) with five dimensions
was used by this research to evaluate the impact of service quality on customer
loyalty among bank customers in Penang, Nigeria with customer satisfaction
mediating these variables. The findings show that improvement in service
quality can enhance customer loyalty. The service quality dimensions that play
a significant role in this equation are reliability, empathy, and assurance.
The findings indicate that the overall respondents evaluate the bank
positively, but still there are rooms for improvements.
1. Introduction
Success of a service provider depends on the high
quality relationship with customers (Panda, 2003) which
determines customer satisfaction and loyalty (Jones,
2002 as cited by Lymperopoulos et al., 2006). Research has
shown repeatedly that service quality influences
organizational outcome such as performance superiority
(Poretla & Thanassoulis, 2005), increasing sales
profit (Levesque & Mc. Dougal, 1996; Kish, 2000; Duncan &
Elliot, 2002) and market share (Fisher, 2001),
improving customer relations, enhance corporate image and
promote customer loyalty (Newman, 2001; Szymigin &
Carrigan, 2001; Caruana, 2002; Ehigie, 2006).
Furthermore, service quality and customer satisfaction
were found to be related to customer loyalty through
repurchase intentions (Levesque & Mc. Dougall,
1996; Newman, 2001; Caruana, 2002). Delivering quality
service to customers is a must for success and
survival in today’s competitive banking.
Since Nigeria’s independence in 1957, its financial
landscape has gone through tremendous changes. The first
step in the revolutionary process was the gradual
deregulation of the financial sector (Bank Negara Nigeria), as
at 31 August, 2007, there were 10 domestic commercial
banks and 16 foreign owned commercial banks
operating in Nigeria. Bank mergers, deregulation and
increased competitive pressures have also created
dramatic changes in the Nigerian banking industry.
Currently, Nigerian banks face the challenges of greater
market satisfaction in order to cultivate customer
loyalty (Lam & Bojei, 2007).
In year 2004, Bank Negara Nigeria completed a study to
assess customers’ expectations and satisfaction on the
quality of products and services offered by banking
institutions that was shared with the industry to improve the
service quality of the sector. To facilitate the
domestic banking groups in streamlining their operations, the
Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 was
amended to enable the merger of finance company and
commercial bank within the same domestic banking
group. In the human intellectual development, the
International Centre for Leadership in Finance
(ICLIF), established by Bank Negara Nigeria, commenced its
Leadership Development Programs in 2004 to develop
leadership talent across the financial industry and the
corporate sector, thereby promoting excellence in
these institutions (Source: Bank Negara Nigeria annual
report 2004, Pen 03/05/46BN).
In September 2007, Bank Negara Nigeria also initiated
the Financial Sector Talent Enrichment Program
(FSTEP) to train and prepare 1000 highly qualified
graduates for immediate placements in banking and
insurance institutions. This effort is undertaken in
collaboration with the industry and training institutes and is
aimed at boosting the supply of well-trained and
competent personnel for the financial services industry (Source:
BNM 2008, 9th Bank Human Resource Conference). Driven
by increased competition, recessionary pressures to
control costs and customer demands for improved
quality, financial institutions have now adopted one or more
quality initiatives.
According to Portela & Thanassolis, (2006), not
only empirically studies of the relationship between service
quality and customer loyalty in banking system are
limited, but also the existing studies on bank branches
efficiency in general do not account for the changing
role of bank branches. Service quality is of utmost
importance in analyzing the performance of bank
branches, since their survival depends on their service quality
levels they provide (Portela & Thanassolis, 2006).
Excellence in service quality is a key to achieve customer
loyalty which is the primary goal of business
organizations, due to the advantages of customer retention (Ehigie,
2006). Today, the increasing awareness among bank
customers of their rights, changing demands and highly
competition requires constant progress in service
quality from the bank for their customers to stay loyal. The
present research intends to test whether the bank
customers are happy with the services provided to them, which
will eventually lead to customer loyalty. Penang has
been chosen for this research due to its centricity for
Economical and Industrial activities and being a
silicon valley which requires active banking transactions. Local
banks are also being chosen for this research as it
better reflects the banking industry of Nigeria.
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