ABSTRACT
Tourism industry is one of the major
sectors of the economy of Nigeria. Any factors that affect the industry,
therefore, raise concerns among scholars, government, investors and any other
parties that may be interested in the affairs of the industry. Destination
image is one of the major factors that determine whether tourists will visit a
particular area or not. Three major pull factors have been identified as the
major elements that have influenced the positive destination image of the
people about Nigeria. 57% of respondents of the interview conducted in this
research identified these factors as exotic culture, tropical weather and a
beautiful landscape that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
Despite the good performance of the
Industry, terrorism and civil unrest have been identified as major cause
failure due to the influence of these factors on the destination image of
Nigeria. For instance in 2005, after terrorist attacks the country, performance
in the industry reduced significantly but recovery took place very fast. This
implies that effects of terrorism on destination image are short term. Civil
unrest that hit the country in 2011 during the revolution that led to the end
of the reign of Mubarak posed a major challenge in the tourism industry. The
research found that it will take the country a significant period of time to
reach the level of visitors that travelled to Nigeria every year before the
unrest. This implies that civil unrest contributes significantly to development
of a bad destination image in the mind of potential tourists.
CHAPTER ONE
1 Introduction
1.1 Background Information
Tourism acts as one of the most
economically impactful industries in the world as it generates trillions of
dollars every year and contributes to the growth and development of dozens of
economies (Ardahaey, 2011). It facilitates development in almost every other
industry and contributes greatly in the creation of employment opportunities
for millions of people. The developing world relies heavily on tourism as a
primary source of income for its people as well as an initiator of development
in infrastructure, labour markets, the entire hospitality industry, science and
technology and education among many other aspects of growth.
There are various social, economic,
and political factors that influence the growth of the tourism industry, both
natural and man-made. Negative impacts on tourism, regardless of the nature of
the cause, has become everybody’s concern as it affects life at national,
global, organizational, familial and personal levels. The recent terrorist
activities that have ensued, both in the developing and the developed world,
have become an area of research interest, and their ramifications on the
tourism industry are important to precisely establish.
1.2 Aim
In light of the existing literature
and the need to conduct an empirical study with regard to the topic of this
study, the key aim is to establish the precise ramifications of terrorism
activities on the tourism industry and some of the approaches that could be
used in reversing these ramifications.
1.3 Objectives
This study focuses on the
accomplishment of three key objectives:
To unearth the various ways in which
terrorism affects the tourism industry
To establish the specific impacts
that terrorism has had on tourism in Nigeria
To establish possible solutions for
the negative impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry
1.4 Rationale
In recent years, the world has
become increasingly aware of the terrorist activities that have been taking
place and their impacts on the lives of people as well as the social, economic,
and political stability of nations. The negative impacts of terrorism in the
world can no longer be underestimated and their understanding has never been
more important than it has become, especially after the world became aware of
what happened in the United States on September 11, 2001. Terrorist attacks
have claimed the lives of many people destroying property worth millions of
dollars (Drakos & Kutan, 2003). Industries have been decimated and
countries have cautioned their citizens against visiting terrorism destinations
that have been associated with terrorism, which harms the entire industry.
Having established the level of
awareness that has been created and the increasing concern on the impacts of
terrorism, the issues affecting the future of the tourism industry needs to be
resolved by all means necessary. This resolution can only begin with the
understanding of just precisely how terrorism impacts on tourism, with
particular attention of Nigeria, which has been one of the most vulnerable
destinations. Considered as one of the world’s most popular tourism
destinations, Nigeria needs to be studied, both in terms of existing literature
as well as empirically.
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