TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of
problem
1.2 Aim/objectives of the study
1.3 Research Question
1.4 Significant of
study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Limitation of study
1.7 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Related Literature
Review
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
This research work made effort to examine empiricallythe impact of
unemployment on youth development and nation building, using Afikpo, Ivo and
Ikwo Local Government area as a case study.
One of the many pressing challenges facing Nigeria today is youth
unemployment with the ripple effect of their resort to violent crimes. The
concern of many educationists and the public in general is to encourage youths
to engage in useful livelihood. Youths are very important stakeholder in any
society. They are not only the future of Nigeria, but also a major stakeholder
and useful resource in nation building. However, available data show that youth
unemployment is very prevalent in Nigeria with far reaching implications for
stability of the economy. Unemployment has a negative multiplier effect not
only on the individual involved but on the society as a whole. The researcher
used primary and secondary methods of data collection to gather the needed
data. The data obtained through questionnaires were presented in tables and
analyzed using the simple percentage. The findings have also shown that factors
which militate against successful youth employment development to nation
building includes adoption of untimely economic policy measures, wrong
impression about technical and vocational studies, the neglect of the
agricultural sector, poor educational Planning and poor enabling environment,
anchoring the explanation of the causes of these youth unemployment on neo-liberalism
that created economic and social dislocations. The researcher therefore
recommended that though government may not be able to create job enough for the
teaming millions of Nigerian unemployed youths, and therefore should embark
upon massive youth development programmes in all the states of the federation
with entrepreneurial skills acquisition and entrepreneurship development as a
key target hence a viable intervening tool for unemployment.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Nigerian economy since the attainment of political
independence in 1960 has undergone fundamental structural changes resulting to
structural shifts which have however not resulted in any significant
sustainable economic growth and development to ensure adequate employment opportunity
for her youths. According acknowledged Akpabio, (2005:332) and Gobeli,
(1995:122). Over time, the roles of the youth in national development have
been. As they continue to play pervasive roles in nation building, the youth by
definition have been regarded as that segment of the population from 18-35
years (National Policy of Youth Development, 1999) who are characteristically
active, vibrant, daring and with useful energies. The development of the
Nigerian nation from pre-colonial to independent and post-independent era has
been attributed to vital contribution of the youth. Despite their positive
roles in national development, they constitute the most critical and volatile
segment of the society. The worsening economic situation in Nigeria from the
austere periods to the SAP and Post-SAP era has threatened the collective
psyche of the youth. General unemployment, lack of consistent policy framework
for youth development, general economic hardship among others have thrown the
youth into joblessness, agents of social vices and general idleness. As their
conditions worsen, they have been used as agents of political thuggery and
general misadventure. Moreover, they have become the major agents in social
conflicts with diverse and devastating consequences in the nation. As their
negative and pervasive roles continue to impact on the economy, several
strategies of youth empowerment have been evolved over time. The strategies
have, however, yielded little or no results as their activities have consistently
imposed serious threats to social security, truncated economic activities and
severe drainage of national income.
Youth unemployment is becoming an increasingly troublesome issue
in many parts of the world. In Nigeria, it has become one of the most serious
socio-economic problems confronting the country. The magnitude of this can be
appreciated if accurate statistics could be obtained from the Federal Bureau of
Statistics on the number of unemployed youths roaming the streets of Nigerian
cities. However, Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (20101:33) observed from the excerpts
of statistics obtained from the National Manpower Board and Federal Bureau of
Statistics showed that Nigeria has a youth population of eighty (80) million
representing 60 percent of the total population of the country. Sixty four (64)
million of them are unemployed while one million six hundred thousand (1.6 million)
are underemployed. Unemployment has become a major problem bedeviling the lives
of Nigerian youth causing frustration, dejection and dependency on family
members and friends, who also have their own problems to contend with. The high
rate of unemployment among the youths in Nigeria has contributed to the high
rate of poverty and insecurity in the country. Unemployment is worldwide
economic problem, causing poverty and lack among the young once. In recent
times, there have been notable adverse social, economic and political
developments in Nigeria, a consequence of youth unemployment and
underemployment, particularly exemplified by increasing militancy, violent
crimes, kidnapping, restiveness and political instability. The Nigerian
situation is further compounded by the recent global financial crisis that has
crippled businesses and the prospect of securing jobs for young people (Fanimo
and Olayinka, (2009:66). According to Adejumola and Tayo-Olajubulu (2000:163)
contended that unemployment has been identified as one of the major causes of
social vices, including armed robbery, destitution, prostitution, political
thuggery, kidnapping and many more. Musari (2007:299) corroborated this
statement by saying that about 4.5 million enter the labour market every year
without any hope of getting employment for life sustenance. The precarious
situation has left the youths in a vicious cycle of poverty that daily erodes
their self-confidence and bright future.
For most developing countries like Nigeria, Governments and policy
makers are increasingly finding it difficult to grapple successfully with youth
unemployment. This high rate of unemployment can be blamed on the lack of
adequate provision for job creation in the development plans, the ever
expanding educational growth and the desperate desire on the part of youths to
acquire University education irrespective of course and course contents. As a
result, a number of skills acquired from the University appear dysfunctional
and irrelevant (Okafor, 2011:307). In Nigeria, the federal government in 2008
acknowledged that about 80 percent of Nigeria’s youth are unemployed and 10
percent underemployed (Daily Trust, 2008). In 2011, the Minister of Youth
Development, Bolaji Abdullahi reported that 42.2 per cent of Nigeria’s youth
population is out of job. Depo Oyedokun, the Chair of the House Committee on
Youth and Social Development revealed that of the over 40 million unemployed
youths in the country, 23 million are unemployable and therefore susceptible to
crime, hence the need to articulate what could be done to salvage the
situation. The pace is increasing because most graduates lack relevant
marketable skills. More than half of the Nigerian populations are under the age
of 30 (National Population Commission, 2001). Therefore it can be asserted that
the economy of Nigeria is a youth economy (Oviawe, 2010:88). Expectedly,
today’s youth will become in a short decade tomorrow’s parents, leaders, labour
force and armies. However, the Nigerian youths are said to be confronted with
poverty, unemployment, urbanization, lack of capacity and skills needed to move
the economy forward. This is because the youth faces unemployment and lack of
necessary productive skills to keep body and soul together. A national survey
jointly sponsored by NUC and the Education Trust Fund (ETF) in 2004 sought to
determine the labour market needs. The study revealed that 44 percent of the 20
organizations rated Nigerian science graduates as average in competence, 56
percent rated them as average in innovation, 50 percent rated them average in
rational judgment, 63 percent as average in leadership skills and 44 percent as
average in creativity. On needed skills like literacy, oral communication,
information technology, entrepreneurship, analytical, problem-solving and
decision making, 60 percent rated them as poor. By any standard, the above
statistics reflect a poor assessment of Nigerian university graduates and
further buttress the argument that Nigerian university graduates are
unemployable (Okafor, 2011:310). Resultantly, the lack of employment potential
makes crime a more attractive option for some Nigerian university graduates.
This is because in Nigeria it is common to find some graduates still roaming
the streets, five years after graduating in search of jobs that are not thereby
lending force to crimes such as armed robbery, car snatching, pipeline
vandalization, oil bunkering, and prostitution among the youths. This critical
skill gaps inhibits the development of youths and the entire development of the
nation, as more than half of the Nigerian populations are under the age of 30.
This is dependent on the fact that Nigeria’s population is predominantly youth
Oviawe, J.O. (2010:66).
1.1 STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
This study has tried to establish that youth unemployment is a
growing challenge of all in selected local government in Ebonyi state as well
as the Nation as a whole. Policies to tackle youth unemployment have tended to
focus on how youth are different from other workers. They are less skilled,
less experienced and have very limited business contacts. Thus skills training
and vocational education constitute the majority of interventions to date.
However, many of these training programs have had disappointing outcomes. Youth
unemployment in Ebonyi State is a multi-dimensional problem that needs to be
addressed on macro basis. Youth
unemployment in Ebonyi State is more of a demand side problem. There are not
enough jobs to go round. Increase in the demand for labour will move the economy
along the demand curve, thereby increasing wages and employment. The demand for
labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. If the
demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour
will increase. This may be described as classical unemployment. Youth
unemployment can be reduced if the following interventions and recommendations
are creatively implemented in the selected local government areas.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STDUY
1. To examine the impacts of unemployment on youths development
and nation building in Ebonyi state.
2. To examine how unemployment affect youths development in the
state.
3. To identify those factors that will directly or indirectly
improves employment of youths.
4. To assess effect of unemployment on youth development to
Nigeria economic.
5. To identify the ways which the problem of youth unemployment
can be solved.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the impact of unemployment on youth’s development and
nation building in Ebonyi state?
2. What are the ways unemployment affect youth’s development in
the state?
3. What are those factors that will directly or indirectly
improves employment of youths?
4. What are the effects of unemployment on youth development to
Nigeria economic?
5. What are the ways which the problem of youth unemployment can
be solved?
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The impact of unemployment on youth development and nation
building is such an interesting subject or study; it is believed that the
outcome of this research work will be of interest to the nation, state and to
each local government to showcase the need for adequate youth employment which
would be as a prerequisite to the national development. The research work will
provide them with vital information which will enhance an efficient and
effective national development; it will provide the knowledge on some of the
major challenges facing unemployment in Nigeria. This research work will also
serve as a vital material to those who may want to carry out further research
work in this regard.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research study is limited to Afikpo, Ivo and Ikwo alone where
the researcher wants to find out the impact of unemployment on youth
development and nation building.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A study of this nature is bound to experience certain problems as
such the constraints imposed on the research include:
TIME: A study of this nature needs relatively long time during
which information for accurate or at least near accurate inference could be
drawn. The period of the study was short, time posed as constraints to the
research.
COST: The research would have extended the survey to other area at
the empirical level, but limitation as included cost of transportation to the
source of material and the cost of time setting of the already completed work.
LACK OF COOPERATION: Many of the respondents are usually
aggressive on issue that border cooperation among the respondents border.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Unemployment: Unemployment people are without jobs and they have
actively sought work within the past five weeks. The unemployment rate is a
measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage
by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently
in the labour force.
Employment: This is a relationship between two parties, usually
based on a contract, one being the employer and the other being the employee.
Youth development, the process of growing up and developing one’s capacities,
happens no matter what we do.
Youth development: – or YD, refers to intentional efforts of other
youth, adults, communities, government agencies, and schools to provide
opportunities for youth to enhance their interests, skills, and abilities into
their adulthoods.
Nation-building: – Refers to the process of constructing or
structuring a national identity using the power of the state. This process aims
at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains
politically stable and viable in the long run.
Youth: – Is the time of life when one is young, but often means
the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity). Economics: – Is the social
science that studies economic activity to gain an understanding of the
processes that govern the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services in an exchange economy.
Empowerment: – Refers to increasing the economic, political,
social, educational, gender, or spiritual strength of individuals and
communities.
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